1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1. The whole picture 1.1.1. Synergies 1.1.2. What is excluded? 1.2. Largest sectors 1.3. Numbers of manufacturers 1.4. Heavy industrial sector 1.5. Buses 1.6. The light industrial and commercial sector 1.7. Two wheel and allied vehicles 1.8. Cars 1.9. Golf 1.10. Military 1.11. Marine 1.12. Other 1.13. Market for EV components 1.14. Timelines 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. Definitions and scope of this report 2.1.1. Learning from the past 2.2. Pure electric vehicles 2.3. Hybrid electric vehicles 2.4. Born electric - In-Wheel Electric Motors 2.5. Objectives 2.6. Benefits 2.7. Smart skin 3. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS 3.1. What is included 3.2. Future opportunities Caterpillar USA, JC Bamford UK 3.3. Nissan and Mitsubishi electric forklifts Japan 3.4. New Toyota forklifts Japan 3.5. Zheijang Goodsense Forklift China 3.6. Linde Germany, Komatsu Japan 3.7. Listing of manufacturers 3.8. Market size 3.9. Market forecasts 2011-2021 4. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS 4.1. What is included 4.1.1. Sub categories 4.1.2. Buses 4.1.3. Trucks 4.1.4. Odyne hybrid truck propulsion 4.1.5. Balqon Pure Electric Trucks and Bus Drive 4.2. Market drivers 4.2.1. Governments get involved 4.3. Important initiatives 4.3.1. Paccar with Eaton 4.3.2. Peugeot Citroën and Mitsubishi Motors 4.3.3. Navistar and Modec USA, UK 4.3.4. Freightliner, Enova Daimler and Wal-Mart USA 4.3.5. EVI and Valence USA 4.3.6. China Vehicles Company 4.3.7. Nano-Optonics Energy Inc Japan - Commercial vehicles and cars 4.3.8. Azure Dynamics 4.4. EVs for local services 4.5. Airport EVs 4.6. Small people-movers 4.7. Light industrial aids 4.8. Heavy duty on-road trucks will now become hybrids 4.9. Listing of manufacturers 4.10. Market forecasts 2011-2021 5. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED 5.1. The sector with the most compelling and enduring need 5.2. The demographic time-bomb 5.2.1. Ageing population and the dependent elderly 5.2.2. Laws make mobility easier 5.3. Types of mobility vehicle 5.3.1. Growth by new market segments 5.3.2. Interchina Industry Group China 5.4. Market drivers 5.4.1. Geographical distribution 5.4.2. Needs creating new segments 5.4.3. What is driving regional differences? 5.4.4. Zhejiang R&P Industry China 5.4.5. Pride Mobility, USA 5.5. Listing of manufacturers 5.6. Market forecasts 2011-2021 5.6.1. Growth by creating new markets 6. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES 6.1. What is included 6.1.1. Copenhagen bicycle USA, Italy 6.1.2. Improved motors 6.2. Prices and performances compared 6.3. Electric two wheeler companies 6.3.1. Yamaha Japan 6.3.2. Eko Vehicles hybrid scooters India 6.3.3. Interchina Industry Group foldable electric bike China 6.3.4. Honda Japan 6.3.5. Suzuki fuel cell bike Japan 6.3.6. Peugeot E-Vivacity scooter France 6.3.7. Cytronex lightweight bicycle USA 6.3.8. Daymak Canada 6.4. Market drivers 6.4.1. Bicycles and electric bicycles 6.4.2. Hybrid motorcycles 6.4.3. YikeBike and other exotica - New Zealand, USA 6.4.4. A123 Systems and Navistar, GE etc 6.5. Listing of manufacturers 6.5.2. China 6.6. Market forecasts 2011-2021 7. GOLF EVS 7.1. What is included 7.2. Market drivers 7.2.1. Golf course creation 7.2.2. Secondary market - golf cars not used for golf 7.2.3. No more growth 7.2.4. Change of leader? Ingersoll Rand and Textron USA 7.2.5. Suzhou Eagle and many others in China 7.3. Listing of manufacturers 7.4. Market forecasts 2011-2021 7.4.2. Statistics for all bicycles 8. CARS 8.1. Adoption of electric cars 8.2. US and Europe try to catch up 8.3. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers 8.4. Providing charging infrastructure 8.4.1. Recharging points 8.4.2. Battery changing points 8.4.3. Can the grid cope? 8.5. Market 2011-2021 9. PURE ELECTRIC CARS 9.1. Déjà Vu 9.1.2. Pure electric cars are a necessary part of the range? 9.2. Examples of pure EV cars 9.2.1. Nissan Japan - most ambitious of all? 9.2.2. Here come the Chinese - BYD, Brilliance, Geely, Chengfang 9.2.3. Jianghsu China 9.2.4. Interchina Industry Group China 9.2.5. High performance pure EVs - Tesla USA 9.2.6. Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar France, Italy 9.2.7. Rinspeed UC Switzerland 9.2.8. REVA India 9.2.9. Club Car USA 9.2.10. Toyota Japan 9.2.11. Detroit Electric USA 9.2.12. Tara Tiny India 9.2.13. Kleenspeed Technologies goes mainstream 9.2.14. Mitsubishi Japan 10. HYBRID CARS 10.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids 10.2. Evolution 10.3. Chevrolet Volt USA 10.4. Ford plug-in hybrid USA 10.5. Bright Automotive SUV 10.6. Market drivers 10.6.1. Leading indicators 10.7. History of hybrids and planned models to 2013 11. MILITARY 11.1. Examples of military EVs 11.1.1. Hummer USA / China 11.1.2. Quantum Technologies USA Aggressor AMV 11.1.3. US Army trucks etc - ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA 11.1.4. Oshkosh Truck Corp USA 11.1.5. Plug-in trucks - BAE Systems UK 11.1.6. Electric robot vehicles USA 11.1.7. UQM unmanned combat vehicle USA 11.1.8. Balqon Corporation 11.2. Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 11.2.1. Small electrical UAVs 11.2.2. SUAV batteries 11.2.3. The most successful electric UAV 11.2.4. Micro nano air vehicles 11.2.5. Large electrical UAVs 11.2.6. DARPA insects USA 11.2.7. COM-BAT robot bat USA 11.3. Examples of military EVs - in the water 11.3.1. Robot jellyfish USA and Germany 11.4. Manufacturers of military EVs 11.5. Market forecasts 2011-2021 12. MARINE 12.1.1. Hybrid and pure electric tugboats 12.2. Market segments 12.2.1. Total market 12.2.2. Underwater 12.2.3. On the water 12.3. Commonality with land EVs 12.3.1. Grants for land and water 12.3.2. Effect of land EV manufacturers entering marine 12.4. Market drivers 12.4.2. Pollution laws back electric boats - India, Europe, USA 12.4.3. Energy harvesting superyacht UK 12.4.4. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) - Europe, USA 12.5. Wave and sun powered sea gliders - Liquid Robotics USA 12.5.2. Other AUV gliders USA 12.6. Remote control rescue - Scorpio UK 12.7. AUVs serving underwater research stations and ocean monitoring USA 12.8. AUV swimmers USA 12.9. Swimmer AUVs, Florida Atlantic University USA 12.10. Mine Destruction AUV UK 12.11. Leisure and tourist submarines USA 12.12. Manufacturers by country and product 12.13. Selling prices 12.13.1. US Submarines Inc USA 12.13.2. Private submarines UK, Canada 12.14. Market forecasts 2011-2021 12.14.1. Surface and subsurface boat markets 13. OTHER EVS 13.1. Definition 13.2. Market drivers 13.3. Listing of manufacturers by country and product 13.4. Market size and trends 13.4.1. Aircraft - Renault, Piccard 13.4.2. Solar Impulse 13.4.3. Non-military mobile robots - USA, UK, Japan 13.4.4. The Electrolux Automower Sweden 13.4.5. Rescue robots in Germany 13.4.6. Robots on Mars 13.4.7. Leisure 13.4.8. Research and hobbyist 13.5. Market forecasts 2011-2021 14. WHAT LEVEL OF RECHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IS NEEDED? APPENDIX 1: MOTORS AND BATTERIES APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY TABLES 1.1. Energy, number of riders and energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options. 1.2. Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs 2.1. Twenty examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country 2.2. Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks 2.3. Distribution of trade volume for heavy industrial EVs 2.4. Global league table of powered industrial truck manufacturers 2010 by value of sales 2.5. Global sales of heavy industrial EVs by numbers, ex factory unit price and total value 2011-2021, rounded 2.6. Sales of heavy electric vehicles by region by percentage of units 3.1. 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products 3.2. Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs by numbers thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded 3.3. Breakdown of global market in 2010 for light industrial and commercial vehicles - global park, new vehicles, % electric, number electric, ex factory unit price and value for the subsections Full Size Buses, Other On Road, Airport 3.4. Sales of light electric/ commercial vehicles by region 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 by percentage of units 4.1. Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population 4.2. Evolution of three families of powered vehicles for the disabled 4.3. Evolution of power chairs 1980 to 2010 4.4. Evolution of scooters for the disabled 1980 to 2010 4.5. The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2010 4.6. The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe 4.7. The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe 2005 to 2015 4.8. Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future 4.9. The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015 4.10. Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split in 2005, 2010 and 2020 4.11. 82 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country 4.12. Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2011-2021, rounded 5.1. Prices and performance of electric two wheelers 5.2. 70 examples of manufacturers of two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes 5.3. Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order) 5.4. 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry 5.5. Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but there is a move to lithium-ion batteries 5.6. Global sales of two wheel and allied EVs number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2010 to 2020, rounded 5.7. Sales of Light Electric Vehicles LEVs (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units. 6.1. 18 examples of golf EV manufacturers 6.2. Global sales of electric golf cars in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded 6.3. Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2000, 2005 and 2015 7.1. Global stimulus for fuel efficient cars in 2009 7.2. 121 examples of manufacturers of EV cars 7.3. Global sales of electric cars number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded 7.4. Value of the hybrid, pure electric and total electric car market in billions of dollars 2010-2020 7.5. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2010-2020. 9.1. Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales 9.2. Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2013 10.1. Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven 10.2. 26 suppliers of military EVs 10.3. Global sales of electric military vehicles in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2010 to 2020, rounded 10.4. Military electric vehicle sales by region 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 in percentage units 11.1. 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft 11.2. Leading manufacturers of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles for sale 11.3. Indicative prices for marine EVs in 2010 11.4. Global sales of electric marine craft in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2010 to 2020, rounded 12.1. 30 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by country and product 12.2. Global sales of other electric vehicles in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded 13.1. Number of gas stations ("service stations") by region in 2010 FIGURES 1.1. Electric vehicle upfront cost vs their traction battery energy storage 1.2. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2011-2021, by applicational sector 1.3. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2011-2021, by applicational sector, rounded 1.4. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2011-2021, by applicational sector, rounded 1.5. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide by application in 2010 1.6. Number of manufacturers of electric vehicles in China by application in 2010 1.7. Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options. 1.8. The Mission Motors Mission One 150 mph, 150 mile range electric motorcycle 1.9. Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars and other electric vehicles 2.1. EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years 2.2. Electric vehicle value chain 2.3. Increasing inefficiency of private vehicles with size, even when fully occupied 2.4. Increasing efficiency of buses with size when fully occupied 2.5. Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options. 2.6. The Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 1898 showing its two in-wheel electric motors. Another version had four. 2.7. Mitsubishi in-wheel motor 2.8. Mine resistant ambush protected - All Terrain Vehicle MATV 2.9. MATV structure 2.10. Volvo ReCharge concept hybrid 2.11. Fraunhofer in-wheel motor on an Artega GT 2.12. SIM Drive in wheel traction 2.13. EMRAX 222 Duplex Motor 2.14. Competing electric drive train technologies and their targets by market sector 2.15. The dream of smart skin for land, sea and air vehicles. 3.1. Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer 3.2. Nissan lithium forklift 3.3. Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter 3.4. Toyota Material Handling has launched the new Traigo 48 in 2010, a powerful electric forklift fitted into a compact and agile package 3.5. Forklift from one of the many Chinese manufacturers 4.1. Orion VII hybrid electric bus USA 4.2. Nova RTS hybrid electric bus USA 4.3. Gillig low floor hybrid bus in USA 4.4. Two buses in Brazil using the locally made Eletra hybrid power trains 4.5. Kent electric city bus from China 4.6. Hino Blue Ribbon hybrid diesel electric bus in China 4.7. Lightning Motorcycle's Balqon-equipped superbike 4.8. Citroën Berlingo electric light commercial vehicle 4.9. Modec electric pick up vehicle in London UK 4.10. Freightliner MT-45 step van uses 120kW Enova electric drive system 4.11. EVI truck powered by Valence lithium-ion batteries 4.12. Electric pick up truck from China Vehicles Company 4.13. SIM Drive car concept 4.14. SIM Drive in wheel traction 4.15. Electric bus in Nepal 4.16. Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics 4.17. Garbage collecting electric car 4.18. Market for light industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2010 in $ billion 4.19. Market for industrial and commercial electric vehicles in 2020 5.1. Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040 5.2. The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group 5.3. Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413 5.4. Pride Jazzy - making new things possible 6.1. The Copenhagen bicycle 6.2. The Copenhagen Wheel 6.3. Yamaha EC-f and EC-fs concept electric scooters 6.4. Yamaha EC03 6.5. Eko Vehicles ET-120 hybrid scooter 6.6. Foldable Electric Bike (LNEB-9601 6.7. Honda EV Cub sports twin, front and rear electric drive motors. 6.8. Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter powered by Intelligent Energy 6.9. Peugeot E-Vivacity electric scooter planned for 2010 6.10. Cytronex light-weight electric bike 6.11. Shadow eBike is powered by Daymak Drive 6.12. e-bikes parked in Yangzhou China 6.13. Electric mopeds parked in Cheghdu China 6.14. The YikeBike from New Zealand 6.15. YikeBike in action 6.16. Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery 6.17. Chrysler electric minivan 6.18. KillaCycle racing team 6.19. KillaCycle 6.20. Eva Håkansson and her ElectroCat pure electric motorcycle 6.21. The first rough version of the KillaJoule body in CAD 7.1. Tonaro golf and general purpose vehicle from China 7.2. Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China 7.3. Yongkang Fourstar golf vehicles from China 7.4. Shadong Wuzheng golf cars from China 7.5. Jinhua Ryder golf car from China 7.6. World bicycle and automoblie production, 1950-2007 8.1. Geographical distribution of 120 companies making or intending to make electric cars 9.1. Trouvé pure EV car in 1881 9.2. Red Bug pure EV in 1930 9.3. Sinclair C5 9.4. Aptera 9.5. Gemcars 9.6. The BYD E6 pure EV car 9.7. Jianghsu DHCLBC EF-1 car 9.8. Electric Car (INEC-BOBI) 9.9. Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car 9.10. Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar showing solar panels on roof and hood 9.11. Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar cross section 9.12. Rinspeed urban commuter electric microcar 9.13. REVA pure EV car 9.14. The Club Car street legal car launched in 2009 9.15. Planned Toyota pure EV city car. 9.16. Detroit Electric 9.17. Tara Tiny 9.18. Mitsubishi pure EV car 10.1. Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles 10.2. Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning 11.1. Oshkosh truck 11.2. Balqon Mule M150 11.3. SPI electrical SUAV 11.4. Examples of SUAV rechargeable lithium batteries. Top: Flight Power "EVO 20" Lithium Polymer battery. Bottom: Sion Power lithium sulfur 11.5. Rotomotion VTOL electrical UAV incorporating video camera, telemetry, auto takeoff and landing 11.6. Electric UAV, part of the British Antarctic Survey, over Antarctica 11.7. FlyingFish electrical UAV 11.8. AeroVironment Raven 11.9. AeroVironment Aqua Puma UAV completes Royal Australian Navy Sea trials in 2007 11.10. AeroVironment Helios 11.11. Aurora Flight Sciences solar plane 11.12. COM-BAT 11.13. Robotic Bat 11.14. AquaJelly 11.15. AirJelly 12.1. Hybrid tugboat 12.2. Engine room of the hybrid tugboat 12.3. Workmen weld on the bottom of a tug boat behind the Z-drive 12.4. Bratt electric tugboat 12.5. Electric deck boat by Leisure Life 12.6. Electric launch 12.7. Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva 12.8. The rigid-wing superyacht concept called 'Soliloquy' 12.9. Head on view of the rigid-wing superyacht 'Soliloquy' 12.10. Wave and sun powered sea glider 12.11. Autonomous wave glider 12.12. The British Scorpio remote controlled rescue vehicle that released the trapped Russian submarine in August 2005 12.13. The Ocean Explorer AUV 12.14. Ocean Voyager II AUV 12.15. A British Remote Controlled Mine Destruction Vehicle being lowered into the water 12.16. Personal submarine 12.17. Wet submarine 12.18. Two-person SportSub submarine 12.19. Triton personal submarine 12.20. Deep Flight Aviator two-person leisure submarine 12.21. Seattle personal luxury submarine by US Submarines 12.22. US Submarine's main tourist submarine 12.23. Sea Scooter by Pro Audio Elite of Italy 12.24. Small electric boats for hire 13.1. "Zep'lin"s 13.2. "Zep'lin" photovoltaic sail adjustment 13.3. Solar Impulse 13.4. The new Electrolux Automower 13.5. Robots for Mars 13.6. Mission Scenario To Aid Technology Development 13.7. Robot Work Crew